Introduction：
This paper describes the EMC test program required by the MIL-STD-461F standard, the U.S. military equipment EMC standard, which has been published in various versions including MIL-STD-461 C\D\E\F\G. The content of this article was created to build on the MIL-STD-461F publication.
MIL-STD-461F test item:
MIL-STD-461G categorizes test requirements into 4 basic types. Conducted Emission (CE), Conducted Immunity (CS), Radiated Emission (RE) and Radiated Immunity (RS). There are a number of tests within each category and the following table is selected from MIL-STD-461G Table IV.
Table 1: MIL-STD-461F Test Item Forms
Brief descriptions of these tests are provided below. They are derived from a more detailed description of MIL-STD-461F, MIL-STD-461G, which can be found in references 1, 2 and 3. Keep in mind that the complete copy of MIL-STD-461G is 280 pages, so any information here is brief and standard must be read and understood.
CE101 Conducted radiation:
Audio current, power supply lines.The CE101 is suitable for 30 Hz to 10 kHz on leads that derive power from a power supply that is not part of the EUT.There are no requirements for the output leads of the power supply. Emission levels are determined by measuring the current on each power lead. The purpose of this test varies depending on the use of the equipment and the military service involved. Specific limits depend on the application, input voltage, frequency, power and current.
CE102 Conducted Emission:
RF Potentials, Power Lines. the CE102 applies from 10 kHz to 10 MHz to the leads that derive power from the power supply that is not part of the EUT. there are no requirements for the output leads of the power supply. The lower frequency portion is to ensure that the EUT does not disrupt the power quality (allowable voltage distortion) on the platform's power bus. Voltage distortion is the basis of power quality, so the CE102 limit is voltage dependent. The transmit level is determined by measuring the voltage on the LISN output port. Unlike CE101, CE102 limits are based on voltage. The basic limits are relaxed in order to increase the supply voltage, but are independent of current. Failure to meet CE102 limits can usually be attributed to switching regulators and their harmonics.
CE106 Conducted radiation:
Antenna Port.The CE106 is suitable for use on the antenna terminals of transmitters, receivers and amplifiers at frequencies from as low as 10 kHz to as high as 40 GHz (depending on the operating frequency) and is designed to protect receivers on and off the platform from damage caused by antenna radiation. Equipment under test.CE106 is not applicable to permanently mounted antennas.
CS101 Conductivity sensitivity:
Power Cords.CS101 is suitable for AC and DC power input cords for equipment and subsystems from 30 Hz to 150 kHz. For DC-powered equipment, CS101 is required throughout the 30 Hz to 150 kHz range.For AC-powered equipment, CS101 is required only from the second harmonic of the equipment's power supply frequency (120 Hz for 60 Hz equipment) to 150 kHz.Typically, when AC-powered equipment draws more than 30 amperes per phase, CS101 is not required.When the equipment operates at 150 kHz or lower and has an operating sensitivity of 1 μV or higher, CS101 is not required. lower and has an operating sensitivity of 1 μV or more, the exception is. The purpose is to ensure that ripple voltage on the power supply waveform does not degrade performance.
CS103, CS104 and CS105 conducted immunity:
Antenna ports, intermodulation, unwanted signal rejection and cross modulation. This series of receiver front-end tests includes test methods for intermodulation (CS103), unwanted signal rejection (CS104) and cross modulation (CS105). They are designed for conventional tunable super-exotics type radio receivers. Because of the wide variety of RF subsystem designs under development, the applicability and appropriate limitations of such requirements need to be determined for each procurement. In addition, requirements need to be specified that are consistent with the signal-processing characteristics of the subsystems and the specific test procedures used to validate the requirements.
CS109 Conducted immunity:
Structural Current.The CS109 is a highly specialized test for very sensitive naval shipboard equipment (1 µV or higher) in the frequency range from 60 Hz to 100 kHz, such as tuned receivers. Hand-held equipment is not subject to CS109. The purpose is to ensure that the equipment does not respond to magnetic fields caused by currents flowing in the platform structure. This limitation arises from currents in the equipment cabinet and operational problems caused by laboratory measurements of the response characteristics of the selected receiver.
CS114 Conductivity sensitivity:
Cable injection.The CS114 is suitable for all cables connected to the EUT cabinet from 10 kHz to 200 MHz.
CS115 Conducted Immunity, Bulk Cable Injection, Impulse Excitation.CS115 is suitable for all cables connected to EUT cabinets. The main consideration is to protect the equipment from fast rise and fall time transients that may occur due to platform switching operations and external transient environments such as lightning and EMP.
CS116 Conducted immunity
Sinusoidal Transient Damping, Cables and Power Cords.The CS116 applies to the cables connected to each EUT enclosure as well as each power cord. The concept is to simulate the current and voltage waveforms that occur in a naturally resonant excitation platform by controlling the damped sinusoidal waveform.
CS117 Conducted immunity:
Lightning Induced Transients, Cables and Power Cords.CS117 is one of two new test methods added to MIL-STD-461G.CS117 applies to interface cables for safety-critical equipment, as well as to each power cord. The applicability to surface ship equipment is limited to equipment located above deck or equipment that includes interconnecting cables routed above deck. This concept is intended to address the indirect effects of lightning at the equipment level as outlined in MIL-STD-464, and is not intended to address direct effects or nearby lightning strikes.
CS118 Conductivity sensitivity:
Personnel-born electrostatic discharges.CS118 is suitable for electrical, electronic and electromechanical subsystems and equipment with human-machine interfaces. It should be noted that CS118 does not apply to ordnance items. The concept is to simulate ESD caused by human contact and to select test locations based on the most likely human contact locations. Multiple test locations are based on points and surfaces that are easily accessible to the operator during normal operation. Typical test points are the keypad area, switches, knobs, indicator and connector housings and every surface of the EUT.
RE101 Radiation Radiation, magnetic field:
RE101 applies to the 30 Hz to 100 kHz range and is used to identify radiation from equipment and subsystem enclosures, including cable connections.RE101 is a special requirement designed to control magnetic fields in applications where equipment is present in the facility that may be sensitive to magnetic induction at lower frequencies.
RE102 Electric Field Radiation Radiation:
The RE102 is suitable for use from 10 kHz to 18 GHz and is used to identify radiation from EUTs and associated cables. Designed to protect sensitive receivers from interference coupled through the antenna associated with the receiver.
RE103 Radiation, Antenna Spurious and Harmonic Outputs
RE103 can be used as an alternative to CE106 when testing transmitters with the intended antenna. CE106 should be used whenever possible; however, RE103 should be called for systems using active antennas or when the antenna is not removable or the transmit power is too high.RE103 is suitable for transmitters in transmit mode and is essentially the same as CE106 with respect to frequency range and amplitude limits. The frequency range tested is based on the EUT operating frequency.
RS101 Magnetic field immunity:
It has a frequency range from 30 Hz to 100 kHz for Army and Navy ground equipment with mine-sweeping or mine-detecting capability, and for Navy ships and submarines with operating frequencies of 100 kHz or less. An operating sensitivity of 1 μV or greater (e.g., 0.5 μV) is required for Navy aircraft equipment mounted on ASW-capable aircraft and for external equipment on aircraft capable of transmitting from an electromagnetic transmitting system. This requirement does not apply to electromagnetic coupling through antennas.RS101 is intended to ensure that the performance of equipment that does not affect low frequency magnetic fields.
RS103 Radiation sensitivity - electric fields:
The RS103 is typically suitable for use from 2 MHz to 18 GHz, but can be used up to 40 GHz if specified by the procuring organization. it is suitable for use in EUT cabinets and cables associated with the EUT. The first consideration is to ensure that the operation of the equipment is not degraded in the presence of electromagnetic fields generated by antenna transmissions on and off the platform. These limits depend on the platform and are based on the levels likely to be encountered over the life of the equipment. It should be noted that RS103 is not necessarily the worst case scenario to which the equipment may be exposed.
RS105 Radiation Immunity - Transient Electromagnetic Fields:
RS105 is intended to demonstrate the ability of the EUT to withstand the fast rise time, free-field transient environment of the EMP.RS105 applies to equipment enclosures that are directly exposed to the incident field external to the platform structure, or to equipment inside a shielded or unshielded platform, where the electrical interface cables should be protected in shielded conduit.
MIL-STD-461F Test Program Recommended Validation Requirements:
Table 2: MIL-STD-461F Verification Requirements for Different Test Items
A: Applicable
L: Limited to the provisions of the sections of this standard
S: Procurement activities must be specified in the procurement documents